BIOLOGY
GENERAL OBJECTIVES

The aim of the Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME) syllabus in Biology is to prepare the candidates for the Board's examination. It is designed to test their achievement of the course objectives, which are to:
1.demonstrate sufficient knowledge of the concepts of the interdependence and unity of life;
2.account for continuity of life through reorganization, inheritance and evolution;
3.apply biological principles and concepts to everyday life, especially to matters affecting the individual, society, the environment, community health and the economy.

TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
1.Living organisms:
a. Characteristics
b. Cell structure and functions of cell Components
c. Level of organization
i. Cell e.g. Amoeba, cheek cell
ii. Tissue, e.g. epithelial tissues
iii. Organ, e.g. leaf and heart iv. Systems, e.g. reproductive
v. Organisms e.g. Chlamydomonas

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i.  differentiate between the characteristics of living and non-living things.
ii.   identify the cell structures.
iii. analyse the functions of the components of plants and animal cells.
iv.  compare and contrast the structure of plant and animal cells.
v. trace  the   levels  of organization among organisms in their logical sequence  in relation to the  five kingdom   classification   of  living organisms.

TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
2.Evolution among the following:
a. Monera (prokaryotes), e.g. bacteria and blue green algae.
b. Protista (protozoans and protophyta), e.g. Amoeba, Euglena and Paramecium
c.Fungi, e.g. mushroom and Rhizopus.
d.Plantae (plants)
i. Thallophyta (e.g. spirogyra)
ii.  Bryophyta (mosses and liveworts) e.g. Bryachymenium and Merchantia.
iii.  Pteridophyta (ferns) e.g. Dryopteris.
iv. Spermatophyta Gymnospermae and Angiospermae)
-Gynosperms e.g. Cycads and conifers.
-Angiosperms (monocots, e.g. maize dicots, e.g. water leaf)

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i.   analyse external features and characteristics of the listed organisms:
ii. apply the knowledge from (i) above to demonstrate increase in structural complexity.
iii. trace the stages in the life histories of the listed organisms.
iv. apply the knowledge of the life histories to demonstrate gradual transition from life in water to life on land.
v. trace the evolution of the listed plants.

e.Animalia (animals)
i. Invertebrates
-  Coelenterate (e.g. Hydra)
-  Platyhelminthes (flatworms) e.g. Taenia
-  Nematoda (roundworms)
-  Annelida (e.g. earthworm)
-  Arthropoda (insects) e.g. Millipedes, ticks, mosquito, cockroach, housefly, bee, butterfly
-  Molusca (e.g. snails)

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i.  trace the evolution of the invertebrate animals.
ii. determine the economic importance of the insects studied. 
iii. asses their values to the environment.

ii.   Multicellular animals (vertebrates)
-  Pisces (cartilaginous and bony fish)
-  Amphibia (e.g. toads and frogs)
-  Reptilia (e.g. lizards, snakes and turtles)
-  Aves (birds)
-  Mammalia (mammals)

OBJECTIVES
i.  trace the evolution of multi-cellular animals.
ii. determine their economic importance.

TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
3. Structural/behavioural adaptations of vertebrates (bonj fish, toad, lizard, bird, small mammal) to the environment.

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i.  describe how the various structures and behaviour adapt these organisms to their environment.

B: FORM AND FUNCTIONS
TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
1. Internal structure of a flowering plant
i.  Root 
ii. Stem 
iii. Leaf

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i.  identity the transverse sections of these organs. 
ii.  relate the structure of these organs to their functions.

TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
b. Internal structure of a mammal

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i.  examine the arrangement of the mammalian internal organs.
iii. describe the appearance and position of the digestive, reproductive and excretory organs

TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
2. Nutrition
a. Modes nutrition 
i. Autotrophic 
ii. Heterotrophic

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i. compare the photosynthetic and chemosynthetic modes of nutrition; 
ii. provide examples from both flowering and non-flowering plants. 
iii. compare autotropic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition

b. Types of Nutrition

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to: differentiate the following examples:
-  Holozoic (sheep and man)
-  Parasitic (roundworm, tapeworm and Loranthas)
-  Saprophytic (Rhizopus and mushroom)
-  Carnivorous plants (sundew and bladderwort)    
Determine their nutritional value.

c.  Plant nutrition 
i. Photosynthesis

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i. analyse the light and dark reactions, materials and conditions necessary for photosynthesis.
ii. determine the necessity of light, carbon (IV) oxide and chlorophyll in photosynthesis.
iii. detect the presence of starch in a leaf as an evidence of photosynthesis.

ii. Mineral requirements (macro and micro-nutrients)

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i.   identify macro-and micro-elements required by plants.
ii.  determine the deficiency symptoms of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium.

d. Animal nutrition
i. Classes of food substances; carbohydrates, proteins, fats and oils, vitamins, mineral salts and water

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i.  indicate the sources of the various classes of food;
ii. relate the importance of each class;
iii. determine the importance of a balanced diet.

ii. Food tests (e.g. starch, reducing sugar, protein, oil, fat etc

Candidates should be able to detect the presence of the listed food items from the result of a given experiment.

iii. The mammalian tooth (structures, types and functions)

Candidates should be able to: 
i. relate the structure of the various components of the alimentary canal and its accessory organs (liver, pancreas, and gall bladder) to their functions.

iv.  Mammalian alimentary canal

Candidates should be able to: 
i. relate the structure of the various components of the alimentary canal and its accessory organs (liver, pancreas, and gall bladder) to their functions.

v.  Nutrition process (ingestion, digestion, absorption, and assimilation of digested food.

Candidates should be able to:
i.   identify the general characteristics of digestive enzymes;
ii.  associate enzymes with digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats;
iii. determine the end products of these classes of food.

TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
3. Transport
a. Need for transportation

 OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
 i. determine the relationship between increase in size and complexity and the need for the development of a transport system.      

b.Materials for transportation excretory products, gases, manufactured food,digested food, nutrient, water and Hormones)

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
 i. determine the sources of materials and the forms in which they are transported.

c.channels for transportation.
i. . Mammalian circulatory systen), (heart, arteries, vcins, and capillaries)

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i. describe the general circulatory system;
ii. compare specific functions of the hepatic portal vein, the pulmonary vein and artery, aorta, the renal artery and vein

ii  plant vascular system (Phloem and xylem)

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i. identify the organs of the plant vascular system.
ii. compare the specific functions of the phloem and xylem

d. Media and processes of mechanism for transportation.

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i.  identify media of transportation (e.g. cytoplasm, cell sap, body fluid, blood and lymph);
ii. determine the composition of blood and lymph;
iii. describe diffusion, osmosis, plasmolysis and turgidity as mechanism of transportation in organisms. 
iv. compare the various mechanisms of open circulatory systems, transpiration pull, root pressure and active transport as mechanism of transportation in plants.

TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
4. Respiration

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i. examine   the   significance   of respiration;
ii. describe the process of glycolysis; 
iii compare the similarities of the process in plants and animals. 
iv. deduce from an experimental set up, gaseous exchange and products, exchange and production of heat energy during respiration.

a. Respiratory organs and surfaces

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
 i.  describe the following respiratory organs and surfaces with organisms in which they occur, body surface, gill, trachea, lungs, stomata and lenticel. 
ii.   relate the characteristics of the respiratory surfaces listed above to their functions.

b. The mechanism of gaseous exchange in
i.   Plants
ii.  Mammals

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to: 
i.   describe the mechanism for the opening and closing of the stomata; 
ii.   determine respiratory movements in these animals.

c.  Aerobic respiration

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to: 
iii. examine the role of oxygen in the liberation of energy for the activities of the living organisms;
iv.  deduce the effect of insufficient supply of oxygen to the muscles

d. Anaerobic respiration

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to: 
i. use yeast cells and sugar solution to demonstrate the process of fermentation. 
ii. asses the economic importance of yeasts.
Candidates should be able to:
i. Interpret the meaning and significance of excretion;
ii. identify the characteristics of each structure.

TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
5.Excretion
a.Types of excretory structures:
contractile vacuole, flamecell, nephridium, Malpighian tubule, kidney, stoma and lenticel.

b.Excretory mechanisms:
i.    Kidneys
ii.   Lungs 
iii.  Skin

c. Excretory products of plants

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
 i.  relate the structure of the kidneys to the excretory and osmo-regulatory functions.
ii.  identify the functions and excretory products of the lungs and the skin. 
Candidates should be able to:
 i. deduce the economic importance of the excretory products of plants, carbon (IV) oxide, tannis, resins, gums, mucilage, alkaloids etc. 
Candidates should be able to: 
i.  determine the need for support and movement in organisms; 
ii. identify supporting tissues in plants (collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem fibres); 
iii. describe the distribution of supporting tissues in roots, stem, and leaf.


TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
6. Support and movement

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i.  relate the response of plants to the stimuli of light, water, gravity and touch; 
ii. identify the regions of growth in roots and shoots and the roles of auxins in tropism.

a. Tropic, tactic, nastic and sleep movements in plants

b. supporting tissues in animals

c. Types and functions of the skeleton 
i.  Exoskeleton 
ii. Endoskeleton

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to: 
i.  relate the location of chitin, cartilage and bone to their supporting function.
ii. relate the structure and the general layout of the mammalian skeleton to their supportive, locomotive and respiratory function.
iii. differentiate types of joints using appropriate examples.

iii. Functions of the skeleton in animals

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i. apply the protective, supportive, locomotive and respiratory functions of the skeleton to the wellbeing of the animal

TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
7. Reproduction
a.A sexual reproduction
i.  Fission as in Paramecium 
ii. Budding as in yeast 
iii. Natural vegetative propagation
iv. Artificial vegetative propagation

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i.  differentiate between asexual and sexual reproduction
ii. apply natural vegetative propagation in crop production and multiplication. 
iii. apply grafting, budding and layering in agricultural practices.

b.sexual reproduction in flowering plants
i.   Flora parts and their functions 
ii.  Polllination and fertilization
iii.  products of sexual reproduction

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i. relate parts of flower to their functions and  reproductive process.
ii. deduce the advantages of cross pollination.
iii. deduce the different types of placentation that develop into simple, aggregate, multiple and succulent fruits

c. Reproduction in mammals
i.  Structures and functions of the male and female reproduction organs
ii. Fertilization and development. (Fusion of gamates)

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i.  differentiate between male and female reproductive organs 
ii. relate their structure and function to the production of offspring.
Candidates should be able to:
i.  describe the fusion of gametes as a process of fertilization.
ii. relate the effects of the mother's health, nutrition and indiscriminate use of drugs on the development stages of the embryo up to birth.

TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
8. Growth
a. meaning fo grwoth
b. Germination of seeds and condition necessary for germination of seeds

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i.  apply the knowledge of the conditions necessary for germination on plants growth.
ii. differentiate between epigeal and hypogeal germination

TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
9.Co-ordination and control

a. Nervous coordination:
i.  The components, structure and functions of the central nervous system;
ii. The components and functions of the peripheral nervous systems;
iii. Mechanism of transmission of impulse;
iv. Reflex action

b. The sense organs 
i.   skin (tactile) 
ii.  nose (olfactory) 
iii. tongue (taste) 
iv. eye (sight) 
v.  ear (auditory)

c.Hormonal control
i. animal hormonal system
-Pituitary
-thyroid
-parathyroid
-adrenal gland
-pancreas
-gonads
ii. Plant hormones (phytohonnones)

d. Homeostasis
i.  Body temperature regulation 
ii. Salt and water regulation

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i.  apply the knowledge of the structure and function of the central nervous system in the coordination of body functions in organisms.
ii.  illustrate reflex  actions  such  as blinking of the eyes, knee jerk etc.
iii. differentiate between reflex and voluntary action as well as conditioned reflexes such as salivation,  riding a bicycle and swimming.

Candidates should be able to:
i. associate the listed sense organs with their functions.
ii. apply the knowledge of the structure and functions of these sense organs in detecting an correcting their defects.

Candidates should be able to:
i. locate the listed endocrine glands in animals.
ii. relate the hormone produced by each of these glands to their functions.

Candidates should be able to:
i. examine the effects of various phytohonnones (e.g. auxins, gibberellin,cytokinin, and ethylene) on growth, tropism, flowering, fruit ripening and leaf abscission.
Candidates should be able to:
i. relate the function of hormones to regulating the levels of materials inside the body.

C: ECOLOGY
TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
1. Factors affecting the distribution of Organisms 
i.  Abiotic

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i.deduce the effects of temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, altitude, salinity, turbidity, pH and edaphic (soil) conditions on the distribution of organisms

ii.Biotic

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i. describe how the activities of plant/animal (particularly human) affect the distribution of organisms.

TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
2.     Symbiotic interactions of plants and animals

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i.determine appropriate examples of symbiosis, parasitism, saprbphytism, comensalism, mutualism, amensalism, competition, predation and cooperation among organisms
ii.associate the distribution of organism with food chains and food webs in particular habitats.

(a) Food chains, food webs and trophic levels

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i. interpret the ecological pyramids of number, biomass and energy.

(b) Energy flow in the ecosystem

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i. describe the cycle and its significance including the balance of atmospheric oxygen and carbon (iv) oxide.

(c)  Nutrient cycling in nature
i.  Carbon cycle
ii. Water cycle
iii. Nitrogen cycle

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i. assess the effects of water cycle on other nutrient cycles
Candidates should be able to:
i. relate the roles of bacteria and leguminous plants in the cycling of nitrogen

TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
3.     Natural Habitats
(a) Aquatic (e.g. ponds, streams, lakes seashores and mangrove swamps)
(b) terrestrial/arboreal (e.g. tree-tops of oil palm,  abandoned farmland or a dry grassy (savanna) field, and burrow or hole.

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i.   associate plants: and animals with each of these habitats.
Candidates should be able to:
i.     relate  adaptive, features  to  the habitats in which an organisms lives.

TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
4.     Local (Nigerian) Biomes)
a. Tropical rainforest
b.Guinea savanna (southern and northern)
c.Sudan Savanna
d.Desert
e.Highlands of montane forests and grasslands of the Obudu, Jos, Mambilla Plateau.

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i. locate biomes to regions
ii. apply the knowledge of the features of the listed local biomes in determining the characteristics of different regions of Nigeria.

TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
5.  The Ecology of Populations:
a Population density and overcrowding.

b  Factors affecting population sizes: 
i.   Biotic (e.g. food, pest, disease, predation, competition, reproductive ability).
ii.  Abiotic (e.g. temperature, space, light, rainfall, topographic, pressure, pH, etc.

c. Ecological succession 
i. primary succession 
ii. secondary succession

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i.   determine the reasons for rapid changes in human population and the consequences of overcrowding.
ii. compute/calculate density as the number of organisms per unit area.
iii. apply modern methods to control human populations.

Candidates should be able to:
i. deduce the effect of these factors on the size of populations
ii. determine the interactions between biotic and abiotic factors, e.g. drought or scarcity of water which leads to food shortage and lack of space which causes increase in disease rates.

Candidates should be able to:
i. trace the sequence in succession to the climax stage of stability in plant population.

TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
6.     SOIL
a  (i) characteristics of different types of soil (sandy, loamy, clayey)
 i. soil structure 
ii. porosity, capillarity and humus content
iii. Components of the soil 

i.inorganic 
ii.organic 
iii. soil organisms

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i. identify physical properties of different soil types based on simple measurement of particle size, porosity or water retention ability.
ii. determine the amounts of air, water, humus and capillarity in different soil types experimentally.

Candidates should be able to:
i. relate soil characteristics, types and components to the healthy growth of plant.

b)    Soil fertility:
i. loss of soil fertility
ii. Renewal and maintenance of soil fertility

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i.  relate  such  factors  as  loss  of inorganic matter, compaction, leaching, erosion of the top soil and repeated cropping with one variety

Candidates should be able to:
i. apply the knowledge of the practice of contour ridging, terracing, mulching, poly-cropping, strip-roping, use of organic and inorganic fertilizers, crop rotation, shifting cultivation, etc to enhance soil conservation.

TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
7. Humans and Environment
a   Diseases:
i.   Common and endemic diseases.
ii . Easily transmissible diseases and disease syndrome such as:
-poliomyelitis
-cholera
-tuberculosis
-sexually transmitted disease/syndrome (gonorrhea, syphilis, AIDS, etc

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i. identify ecological conditions that favour the spread of common endemic and potentially epidemic disease e.g. malaria, meningitis, drancunculiasis, schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, typhoid fever and cholera etc.
ii. relate the biology of the vector or agent of each disease with its spread and control.

Candidates should be able to:
i. use the knowledge of the causative organisms, mode of transmission and symptoms of the listed diseases to their prevention/treatment/control.
ii. apply the principles of inoculation and vaccination on disease prevention.

b. Pollution and its control 
i   sources, types, effects and methods of control.

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i. categorize pollution into air, water and soil pollution. 
ii. relate the  effects  of common  pollutants  to human     health  and environment degradation.
iii. determine the methods by which each  pollutant may be controlled.

(ii) Sanitation and sewage

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to: 
i. examine the importance of sanitation with emphasis on sewage disposal, community   health   and   personal hygiene
ii  assess the roles and functions of international and national health agencies (e.g.World       Health Organization (WHO), United Nations International Children Emergency Fund(UNICEF), International Red Cross Society (IRCS), and the ministries of health and environment.

(c) Conservation of Natural Resources

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
(i) apply the  various  methods  of conservation of both the renewable and  non-renewable  natural resources for the protection of our environment for present and future generations.
(ii) outline the benefits of conserving natural resources.
(iii) identify the bodies responsible for the conservation of resources at the national and international levels (e.g. Nigerian Conservation Foundation " (NCF), Federal
Ministry of Environment, Nigeria National Parks, World Wildlife Foundation (WWF), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN),UnitedNations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and their activities. 
(iv)  asses their activities.

D: VARIATION
TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
(I)  Variation In Population
a.  Morphological variations in the physical appearance of individuals.
(i)  size (height, weight)
(ii)  Colour (skin, eye, hair, coat of animals, scales and feathers.
(iii)  Fingerprints

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i. differentiate between continuous and discontinuous variations with examples.
ii. relate the role of environmental conditions, habitat and the genetic constitution to variation.

Candidates should be able to: 
i)  measure heights and weight pupils of the same age group; 
ii) plot graphs of frequency distribution of the heights and weights. 

Candidates should be able to:
i) observe and record various colour patterns in some plants and mammals. 

Candidates should be able to:
i) apply classification of fingerprints in identity detection

b. Physiological variation
(i)  Ability to roll tongue
(ii) Ability to taste phenylthicarbamide (PTC)
(iii)  Blood group

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i) identify some specific examples of physiological variation among human population.
ii) categorise people according to their physiology variation.

c. Application of discontinuous variation in crime detection, blood transfusion and determination of paternity.

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i)  apply the knowledge of blood groups in blood transfusion and determination of paternity.
ii)  use discontinuous variation in crime detection

TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
2.   Heredity
a) Inheritance of characters in organisms;
i) Heritable and non-heritable characters.
b) Chromosomes - the basis of heredity;
(i)   Structure
(ii) Process of transmission of heredity characters from  parents to offspring.
c) Probability in genetics and sex determination.
a) Application of principles of heredity in:
i) Agriculture
ii) Medicine
b. Sex - linked characters e.g. baldness, haemophilia, colour blindness, etc.

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i. determine heritable and non-heritable characters with examples.
Candidates should be able to:
i. illustrate simple structure of DNA
Candidates should be able to:
i.  illustrate segregation of genes at meiosis and recombination of genes at fertilization to account for the process of transmission of characters from parents to offsprings.
Candidates should be able to:
i) deduce that segregation of genes occurs during gamete formation and that recombination of genes at fertilization is random in nature.
Candidates should be able to:
i. analyze data on cross-breeding experiments.
ii. apply the principles of heredity in the production of new varieties of crops and livestock through cross-breeding.
iii. deduce advantages and dis-advantages of out-breeding and in-breeding.
iv. analyze elementarily the contentious issues of genetically modifiedorganisms (GMO) and gene therapy. Candidates should be able to:
i) apply the knowledge of heredity in marriage counseling with particular reference to blood grouping, sickle-cell anaemia and the Rhesus factors.
ii) examine the significance of using recombinant DNA materials in the production of important medical products such as isulin, interferon and enzymes.

Candidates should be able to:
i) identify characters that are sex linked

E: EVOLUTION
TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
1.) Adaptation for survival: 
a)  Factors that bring about competition.
b)  Intra and inter-specific competition
c) Relationship between competition a succession.

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i) relate increase in population, diseases, shortage of food and space with intra-and inter-specific competition.
Candidates should be able to:
i) determine niche differentiation as a means of reducing intra-specific competition.
Candidates should be able to:
i) relate competition to succession.

2) Structural adaptations in organisms

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to account for adaptation in organisms with respect to the following:
i.  obtaining food (beaks and legs of birds; mouthparts of insects, especially mosquito, butterfly and moth.)
ii.  protection and defence (stick insects, praying mantis and toad.
iii. securing mates (redhead male and female Agama lizards, display of feathers by birds.
iv. regulating body temperature (skin, feathers and hairs). 
v.  conserving water (spines in plants and scales in mammals).

3) Adaptive colouration and its functions

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i.   categorize countershading in fish, toads and snakes and warning colouration in mushrooms.

4) Behavioural adaptations in social animals

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i.) differentiate various castes in social insects like termites and their functions in their colony/hive.
ii.)  account for basking in lizards, territorial behaviour of other animals under unfavourable conditions (hibernation and aestivation)

5.   Theories of evolution
i)  Lamarck's theory 
ii) Darwin's theory

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to: 
i.) relate organic evolution as the sum total of all adaptive changes that have taken place over a long period of time resulting in the diversity of forms, structure and functions among organisms.
ii.) examine the contributions of Lamarck and Darwin to the theory of evolution.

6. Evidence of evolution

OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i. provide evidences for evolution such as fossil records, comparative anatomy, physiology and embryology
ii. trace evolutionary trends in plants and animals.
iii. provide evidence for modern evolutionary theories such as genetic studies and the role of mutation.

RECOMMENDED TEXTS
Ambuna A. Egunyomi A. and Osakwe J. (1990) Comprehensive certificate Biology for Senior Secondary Schools: University Press Limited
Egunyomi A. Bob - Manuel, Abdullahi B.A. and Oyetola O.A. (1988) Exam Focus: Biology For WASSCE and JME 2nd Edition, University Press Limited
MacQueen J. AND Murray J. (1978) Success in Biology, Benin: John Murray
Ndu, F.O. C Ndu, Abun A. and Aina J.O. (2001) Senior Secondary School Biology: Books 1 -3 Lagos: Longman
Odunfa, S. A. (2001) Essential of Biology, Ibadan: Heinemann
Oguriiyi M.B; Adebisi A.A. and Okojie J.A. (2000) Biology for Senior Secondary Schools Books 1 - 3, Macmillan
Ramalingam, S.T. (2005) Modern Biology, SS Science Series New Edition, AFP
Roberts A.B.U. (1993) Functional Approach in Biology
Sorojini T.L. Sheila P and Charles T.P. (2000) Modern Biology for Secondary Schools, Revised Edition, FEP
Stan. (2004) Biology for Senior Secondary Schools Revised Edition, Ibadan: Heinemann
Stone R.H. and Cozens, A.B.C. (1982) Biology for West African Schools, Longman
Usua, E.J. (1997) Handbook of practical Biology 2nd Edition, University Press, Limited